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Academic Reading Exam 6
Function 1
Why practice people collect things?
People from almost every civilization love collecting things. They might collect stamps, books, cards, priceless paintings or worthless ticket stubs to old sports games. Their collection might hang on the walls of a mansion or be stored in a box under the bed. Then what is information technology that drives people to collect? Psychologist Dr Maria Richter argues that urge to collect is a basic homo characteristic. According to her, in the very first years of life we class emotional connections with lifeless objects such as soft toys. And these positive relationships are the starting point for our fascination with collecting objects. In fact, the desire to collect may become back further notwithstanding. Scientists suggest that for some ancient humans living hundreds of thousands of years ago, collecting may have had a serious purpose. Only by collecting sufficient food supplies to last though freezing winters or dry summers could our ancestors stay alive until the weather improved.
It turns out that fifty-fifty collecting for pleasance has a very long history. In 1925, the archaeologist Leonard Woolley was working at a site in the historic Babylonian city of Ur. Woolley had travelled to the region intending only to excavate the site of a palace. Instead, to his astonishment, he dug up artefacts, which appeared to belong to a two,500- yr-old museum. Among the objects was function of a statue and a piece of a local building. And accompanying some of the artefacts were descriptions like modernistic-solar day labels. These texts appeared in three languages and were carved into pieces of clay. It seems likely that this early private collection of objects was created by Princess Ennigaldi, the daughter of King Nabonidus. Nevertheless, very piffling else is known about Princess Ennigaldi or what her motivations were for setting upwardly her collection.
This may have been one of the showtime large private collections, only it was non the last. Indeed, the way for establishing collections really got started in Europe effectually 2,000 years later with then-called 'Cabinets of Curiosities'. These were collections, ordinarily belonging to wealthy families that were displayed in cabinets or modest rooms. Cabinets of Curiosities typically included fine paintings and drawings, just equal importance was given to exhibits from the natural world such as animal specimens, shells and plants.
Some significant private collections of this sort date from the fifteenth century. One of the first belonged to the Medici family. The Medicis became a powerful political family in Italy and later a regal house, merely cyberbanking was originally the source of all their wealth. The family started by collecting coins and valuable gems, then artworks and antiques from effectually Europe. In 1570 a secret 'studio' was built inside the Palazzo Medici to house their growing collection. This exhibition room had solid walls without windows to continue the valuable collection safe.
In the seventeenth century, another fabulous collection was created by a Danish medico name Ole Worm. His drove room independent numerous skeletons and specimens, as well as ancient texts and a laboratory. I of Ole Worm's motivations was to signal out when other researchers had fabricated mistakes, such as the false claim that birds of paradise had no feet. He also endemic a great auk, species of bird that has now get extinct, and the analogy he produced of it has been of value to after scientists.
The passion for collecting was just as strong in the nineteenth century. Lady Charlotte Invitee spoke at least six languages and became well-known for translating English books into Welsh. She also travelled widely throughout Europe acquiring old and rare pottery, which she added to her drove at domicile in southern England. When Lady Charlotte died in 1895 this drove was given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. At around the same time in the due north of England, a wealthy goldsmith named Joseph Mayer was edifice upward an enormous drove of artefacts, particularly those dug up from sites in his local area. His legacy, the Mayer Trust, continues to fund public lectures in accord with his wishes.
In the twentieth century, the writer Beatrix Potter had a magnificent collection of books, insects, plants and other botanical specimens. About of these were donated to London's Natural History Museum, but Beatrix held on to her cabinets of fossils, which she was especially proud of. In the United Stats, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began his stamp collection as a kid and continued to add to information technology all his life. The stress associated with being president was easier to cope with, Roosevelt said, by taking time out to focus on his collection. By the cease of his life this had expanded to include model ships, coins and artworks.
Most of u.s.a. will never own collections and then large or valuable as these. However, the examples given here propose that collecting is a passion that has been shared by countless people over many centuries.
Part 2
Making Documentary Films
A For much of the twentieth century, documentary films were over shadowed by their more than successful Hollywood counterparts. For a number of reasons, documentaries were frequently ignored by critics and picture show studies courses at universities. Firstly, the very thought of documentary motion picture fabricated some people suspicious. Every bit the critic Dr Helmut Fischer put it, 'Documentary makers might have ambitions to tell the "truth" and bear witness only "facts" but there is no such thing as a non-fiction film. That's considering, equally soon equally you record an incident on camera, you are altering its reality in a fundamental way'. Secondly, even supporters of documentaries could non hold on a precise definition, which did picayune to meliorate the reputation of the genre. Lastly, in that location were besides concerns about the ethics of filming subjects without their consent, which is a necessity in many documentary films.
B None of this prevented documentaries from being produced, though exactly when the procedure started is open to question. It is often claimed that Nanook of the North was the first documentary. Made by the American filmmaker Robert J. Flaherty in 1922, the film depicts the difficult, sometimes heroic lives of native American peoples in the Canadian Arctic. Nanook of the North is said to have ready off a trend that connected though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet Union and works by other filmmakers effectually the world. Withal, that 1922 starting signal has been disputed by supporters of an earlier date. Amid this group is motion-picture show historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre can exist traced back as early on as 1895, when like films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific films and accounts of journeys of exploration.
C In the years post-obit 1922, 1 particular way of documentary started to appear. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects rehearsed and repeated activities for the purposes of the film. British filmmaker John Grierson was an important member of this group. Grierson's career lasted near forty years, commencement with Drifters (1929) and culminating with I Remember, I Remember (1968). However, by the 1960s Grierson's style of film was being rejected past the Straight Movie theater motility, which wanted to produce more than natural and authentic films: cameras were hand-held; no additional lighting or sound was used; and the subjects did not rehearse. Co-ordinate to motion-picture show writer Paula White potato, the principles and methods of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attention of universities and film historians equally never before. Documentaries started to be recognized as a singled-out genre worthy of serious scholarly analysis.
D Starting in the 1980s, the widespread availability of first video and and so digital cameras transformed filmmaking. The flexibility and depression cost of these devices meant that anyone could at present be a filmmaker. Amateurs working from dwelling could compete with professionals in means never possible before. The appearance of online pic-sharing platforms in the early 2000s only increased the new possibilities for amateur documentaries were existence made, perhaps the most popular documentary of 2006 was yet the professionally made An Inconvenient Truth. New cameras and digital platforms revolutionised the making of films. Merely as critic Maria Fiala has pointed out, ' The arguments sometimes put forward that these innovations immediately transformed what the public expected to run across in a documentary isn't entirely accurate.'
Eastward Yet, a new generation of documentary filmmakers and so emerged, and with them came a new philosophy of the genre. These filmmakers moved away from highlighting political themes or urgent social bug. Instead the focus moved inward, exploring personal lives, relationships and emotions. It could exist argued that Catfish (2010) was a perfect case of this new tendency. The film chronicles the everyday lives and interactions of the social media generation and was both a commercial and critical success. Filmmaker Josh Camberwell maintains that Catfish embodies a new realization that documentaries are inherently subjective and that this should be historic. Says Camberwell, 'It is a requirement for documentary makers to limited a particular viewpoint and give personal responses to the material they are recording.'
F The popularity and variety of documentaries today is illustrated by the large number of film festivals focusing on the genre around the earth. The biggest of all must be Hot Docs Festival in Canada, which over the years has showcased hundreds of documentaries from more than 50 different countries Fifty-fifty older is the Hamburg International Short Film Festival. Every bit its name suggests, Hamburg specializes in short films, but 1 category takes this to its limits – entries may not exceed three minutes in duration. The Short and Sugariness Festival is a slightly smaller consequence held in Utah, USA. The small size of the festival means that for first timers this is the platonic venue to try to get some recognition for their films. So at that place is the Atlanta Shortsfest, which is a neat event for a broad diversity of filmmakers. Atlanta welcomes all established types of documentaries and recognises the growing popularity of animations, with a category specifically for films of this blazon. These are merely a few of the scores of motion picture festivals on offering, and there are more than beingness established every year. All in all, it has never been easier for documentary makers to go their films in front of an audience .
Function iii
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Course
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are perhaps the nearly svelte and vividly coloured of all sea creatures. But few people accept seen a jellyfish living in its natural habitat. Instead, they might see a dead and shapeless specimen lying on the embankment, or mayhap receive a painful sting while swimming, so information technology is inevitable that jellyfish are often considered ugly and perchance dangerous. This misunderstanding tin exist partly traced dorsum to the 20th century, when the apply of massive nets and mechanical winches oft damaged the frail jellyfish that scientists managed to recover. As a consequence, disappointingly little research was carried out into jellyfish, equally marine biologists took the easy option and focused on physically stronger species such as fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, notwithstanding, new techniques are now being adult. For case, scientists have discovered that sound bounces harmlessly off jellyfish, and then in the Chill and Norway researchers are using sonar to monitor jellyfish beneath the ocean's surface. This, together with plane surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new information in contempo years.
Scientists know believe that in shallow h2o alone there are at least 38 million tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every type of marine habitat, including deep h2o. Furthermore, jellyfish were once regarded as relatively solitary, only this is some other area where science has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was the beginning to suggest that jellyfish are in fact the eye of entire ecosystems, as shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed among their tentacles. This proposition has afterward been conclusively proven by independent studies. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and isotope analysis take provided further insights, including the identification of numerous additional species of jellyfish unknown to science just a few years ago.
This brings united states to the issue of climate change. Research studies effectually the world have recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in recent years and some scientists have linked this to climate change. However, while this may exist credible, it cannot be established with certainty as other factors might be involved. Related to this was the longstanding academic belief that jellyfish had no predators and therefore there was no natural process to limit their numbers. Nevertheless, observations fabricated by Paul Dewar and his team showed that this was incorrect. As a result, the scientific community now recognises that species including sharks, tuna, swordfish and some salmon all casualty on jellyfish.
It is still widely assumed that jellyfish are among the simplest lifeforms, equally they no brain or central nervous system. While this is truthful, we now know they possess senses that let them to see, experience and collaborate with their environment on subtle means. What is more, analysis of so-called 'upside-down jellyfish' shows that they shut downward their bodies and rest in much the same way that humans do at night, something in one case widely believed to be impossible for jellyfish. Furthermore, far from 'floating' in the water equally they are still sometimes thought to practice, analysis has shown jellyfish to be the about economical swimmers in the brute kingdom. In short, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established beliefs near jellyfish were inaccurate. Jellyfish, though, are not harmless. Their sting tin cause a serious allergic reaction in some people and large outbreaks of them – known as 'blooms' – can damage tourist businesses, suspension line-fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and cake industrial cooling pipes. On the other paw, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in surgery and wound dressings. In addition, a particular poly peptide taken from jellyfish has been used in over 30,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such as Alzheimer'south. Thus, our relationship with jellyfish is circuitous as there are a range of conflicting factors to consider.
Jellyfish accept existed more or less unchanged for at least 500 million years. Scientists recognise that over the planet'southward history there have been 3 major extinction events connected with changing environmental atmospheric condition. Together, these destroyed 99% of all life, but jellyfish lived through all three. Inquiry in the Mediterranean Sea has at present shown, remarkably, that in old age and on the point of death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an before physical country, leading to the assertion that they are immortal. While this may not technically exist true, it is certainly an boggling discovery. What is more, the oceans today contain thirty% more poisonous acrid than they did 100 years ago, causing problems for numerous species, but not jellyfish, which may fifty-fifty thrive in more acidic waters. Jellyfish throughout their long history accept shown themselves to be remarkably resilient.
Studies of jellyfish in course know as scyphozoa take shown a life cycle of iii singled-out phases. First, thousands of babies known as planulae are released. Them, later on a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks similar a stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. Information technology is now understood that all species of jellyfish go through similarly distinct stages of life. This is further evidence of just how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.
Answers
(Q.i to Q.10)
1. True
2. True
3. False
four. True
five. Not Given
vi. False
7. cyberbanking
8. chemical composition
nine. windows
x. illustration
(Q.xi to Q.twenty)
11. lectures
12. fossils
13. stress
14. four
fifteen. vii
16. i
17. viii
18. v
19. iii
twenty. D
(Q.21 to Q.30)
21. C
22. A
23. Eastward
24. three minutes / iii minutes
25. first timers / 1st timers
26. animations
27. No
28. Yeah
29. Not Given
30. No
(Q.31 to Q.40)
31. Non Given
32. Yep
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. E
39. A
40. D
Source: https://www.ieltstester.com/academic-reading-test-6/
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I am going to join duscussion
Very very poor, most of the answers exercise not match to this. Totally time waste matter ieltstester.com
Faria Waseem
8 months agone
question 8 and 9 doesn't seems to be correct ,Instead of analogy information technology should be POTTERY, and despite of chemical composition their should be Windows.
#10. Lady Charlotte Guest created a collection ILLUSTRATION…… IN THE PARAGRAPH THEY DIDNT MENTION Anything ABOUT ILLUSTRATIONS? TELL ME IN THAT PARAGRAPH WHERE THEY Identify ILLUSTRATIONS. I ONLY READ AND SAW POTTERY.
The question in #8 doesn't seem to fit the correct answer.
At the Palazzio Medici there was a hidden 'studio' which had no: chemical limerick
THAT DIDNT MAKE ANY SENSE
# 9 answer as well didnt brand whatsoever FVCKING sense.
33/40, it was a not bad test, thnx